Bone grafting is an integral part of many lumbar spinal surgeries. The two choices of bone are autograft and allograft. Each source has its own advantages and disadvantages. The current study is a literature review of allograft bone use in lumbar spine surgery. Allograft bone can be procured in greater quantities than autograft. With standard protocols of harvesting, the risk of disease transfer is negligible. Only fresh-frozen and freeze-dried products are used. Allografts are incorporated slower and to a lesser degree than autografts. Fresh-frozen grafts are stronger, more immunogenic and more completely incorporated than freeze-dried grafts. Allografts used alone or combined with autografts for posterior lumbar spinal procedures have decreased fusion rates compared with autografts. If used anteriorly, allografts are well suited for reconstructive procedures and have good fusion rates, especially if combined with posterior fusions. If used in the proper situations, allograft bone can be used successfully in lumbar spine surgeries.